American civilization 3.04.12

Jimmy Carter was known as an humanitarian. Ronalg Reagan was inaugurated President then ( 20^th january 1980). There were international tensions. People very liked him very much above all because he was an actor. There were 42 hostages who were released from captivity in Iran. This was like a slap in the face to Carter. Carter was known to change plans, peopke were tired of this. Americans were experiencing higher pourcentages of dovorce rates, there was prematrimonial sex. There was a lot of single parents and a lt of drug's use. This was the seventies. There was a decrease of living standard and a decrease of religious believers. More women with highers pays, and more African women working too. Increase in open sexuality. Music : Genesis, Rolling stone.It was the Preppy era. There was the Disco era. There was also a new conservatism. There was a kind of nostalgia of the 1950's. There was a lot of watter beds. 1970's : yellow smiley faces. He was nicknamed the teflon President.

Ronald Reagan : He became the spokesman for general electrric campany. 1966 : He won the position of California's governor. Then, he woin the presidency to restaure America's prestige. Xhen he was young, he embraced the conservatism. He took 3 decisions to make America back non track :

• revive the economy
• cut back on social welfare programmes
• restaure traditional values helf by conservative christians

He said " Government isn't the solution to our problem, Government is the problem". It was called reaganomics. There were heavy taxes. Capitalism : Deep cuts of wasteful spendings for the government, these revenues would make the finances more balanced. Unemplyment was 9 or 10%. Businesses were failing. A lot of peopled elcared bankruptcy in the 1980's. Reagan cut back on many social pretsations.

Jonh Henkly Junior.

American civilization 2.04.12

Viet Nam war was a black point on the American flag. There was an agreement to stop hostilities between North and Southern Viet Nam. Apriel 14^th 1975. Many soldiers came back from VN were depressed : 1980 : suicide rates were the same. Increased 80% suicides, and WWII vets were dying a day..a lot. Many dying from injuries, missing MIA's ( missing in action).

1982 : Astudent went to a competition and designed a memorial to Americans VN vets. Now, it as along the mall in Washington.

The war devastated the country and the countries around VN : Laos and Cambodia.

NIXOn went to China in 1872. He wanted to open trhe door for diplomatic relations. He met with the President. Strategic arms limitation talks. Brejnev was the prime minister. Limit the two antions on certain types of weapons and espacially on missiles.

Nixon was paranoid and he wanted intelligent reports on a few topics. Many domestic or entities were working against him. Militants and opponents became its targets. J Edgar, the chief of FBI, has to investigate about them. He set up wire taping : that means telephone lines. J Edgar refused at first. He created white hosue unit to discredit opposition. There was an executive security unite. It was called the plumbers. When the Pentagon papers were released, Aericans stated wondering why USA was involved into the VN war. Daniel Helsburg had been a former department analysis. Plumbers, in 1972, broke into the watergate building? THEY HAD THE Intent to plant microphones etc.. They wanted to spy Nixon through wiretyping. NIXON prdered a cover up and ordered that the police and parties and government to say nothing. PEOPLE LOST THEIR JOBS OF THEY SAID IT. He used hush money. Washington post : It raised. Nixon rsigned on 1974. He din't want to deal with all of this.

OPEC. Iol embargo. Oil prices remained high. 1976 :

Jimmy Carted succeed his foreign policy. Camp David accords. Diplomatic relations with China. It wanted American expertise

Afghanistan

JO Russia. Boycott of the games by 60 countries. Carter faced his worst international crisis, it was with Iran. ( support of the Sha). Comeni took over. Release on January 2Oth, Inauguration of a president.

19.03.12 civi

Kennedy had established a peace cour programme which tried to set up international relationships with other countries. He also wanted to lauch the space programme to compete with the Russian one. On May 5^th, 1961 Alan Strepand was laucnhed into space and in April 1961, it was the turn of Yuro Gagarin. Kennedy's domestical policy was not that great but his foreign policy was great.

1961 : Bay of Pigs, first international crisis.

1965 : Fidel Castro took over control in Cuba. There was a proximity with USA and that created a fear. He promised to help Cuba's poor who had been exploited especially by wealthy Cubans abd by American investors. Castro took over private propreties including a lot of corporations which were Americans and he developped relationships with the USSR. After USA refused to aknowledge Castro as the legitimate President of Cuba, US officials feared that Castro became an example for other countries to revolt.

1947: CIA

Americans wanted to overthrown Castro's government ! They prepared something by enroling the Clever Cubans who were also against the Cuban government.

April 17, 1961 : Complete disaster and Castro was able to stop the troups coming.

April 18 1961 : Krushschev : He said that the USA had to stop these agressions towards Cuba or USSR would probably intervene.

So, Kennedy cut his losses and accepted the defeat.

December 1962 : American companies paid Castro a randsome in food and drugs ( 50 million dollars) and gave also 3 million dollars cash. Americans did this because some were kept as hostages in Cuba.

Thye questioned Kennedy about his leadership and wondered how the USA were going.

June 1961 : They met with Krushschev and it was a fiasco, Kennedy felt bullied in front of the Soviet leader.

Since Berlin has been divided into several parts, things were always temporary, there were the East and the West Germany.

Cuban missile crisis : 1962

Oct 14 1962 : U-2 Planes

Kennedy knew there was a direct danger

USA promised a " guarantine", a no invasion promise.

Nov 22, 1963 : Kennedy was shot and died.

Chief justice Earl Warren : The warn commission, it came to the evidence that he acted alone and that he was taking revenge for Americans. Because of this finding, a lot of conspiracy theory began, Americans didn't believe it could be as simple as this.

Kennedy's vice president : Lyndon B. Johnson : He found himself President, he was shocked. Johnson had spent the most of his life in politics. He set up many domestic programmes.

July 2^nd, 1964 : Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, it was signed into law. He forbade racial discriminations and especially in public places.

1965 : The Voting Rights Act. This was passed to ensure everyone to be able to vote.

Lydon was elected for the first time as a President : 1964, 61% of the votes. During these 4 next years, he passed many major decisions. He was able to ^pass a 12 million dollar tax cut, this was done specifically to stimulate the economy. Legislations to aid school !food stamps :

Greatest thing that he did : Passed the Medicare and the Medicaid bills ( 1965). Medicare was a programme to help elderly : Low insurances for example.

Immigration Act of 1965 :

Marches and demonstrations organized by Marthin Luther King Junior, many protests in the 1960's : Sittings

civilisation américaine 12 et 13.03.12

Freedom riders were men and women black and white who were trying to test segregated buses, especially in the South. Due to a lot of court cases, they thought they had to call for disegregration.

Tennessee KKK creation.

Containement and communism.

After WWII, Truman and Eisenhower knew that WWIII would break out if communism was directly attacked, there were ways to avoid it. This was called containment. In order to contain communism, many things were set up : The Marshall Plan particularly. It was to keep communism back. Joseph Mc Carthy was known to be a drunk and a looser. He was speaking to a group of ladies in West Virginia ( known as the armpit of the nation) and he made a speech and he said that he had documented information that over 205 communist organizations were in Ameica. He wanted to have a new career, it worked for a while. The year after, he accused many people and companies of being communist, he accused also people who wanted to bring down democracy : He accused actors, writers...Americans were afraid and they now wanted to look for people who were not patriotic for example. This lasted about 3 and a half years. It was difficult to find a job . The witch hunt Arthur Miller, accused of being a communist synpathiser. Americans had been scared into the fear of communism. The 1950's red scare. This created a lot of panic fall out shelters.

Eisenhower's term.

COLD WAR : In October 1957, USA were totally speechless with the technologic developement of the USSR. Americans tried to be very competitive. Einsenhower doubled government spending in 1958 and 1959 concerning defense and research. He established a science...and a National aeornotics and space administration ( July 1958 : NASA). That's one of the reason why he doubled the spending budget. American education system wxanted to be also competivite to beat the Russian one. At that time, money was then poured into the school system all over the country and then there was a big progress in math and sciences. The years during the 1950's, it was time of standartization, conformity and it was a decade in which middle class had to stand quo. Keeping up with the Jones : rference to consumerism ( to have better that the guy next door). There was an emphasis on religion, it was thanks to the government emphasis to the " godless communism", there was a new found commitment to religion. 1954 : Congress added these words to the Pledge of Allegiance. Onennation 'under god". 1958 : Something else was added to the American mney" In god we trust". Americans were busy working, there was a very low enemployement, people were being good citizens and people were also preparing for the possibility for a nuclear war. The media talked about patriotism, the family value and the collective values. Most fathers were too busy workign to give attention to their children and women were too worried about volunteering at church or schools and they didn't really pay attention to their children. In reality, America was not the perfect country and little by little in 60's there was a social and cultural upheaval. Not everybody wanted to fit in this conformity.Many people didn't care about foreigh or domestic affairs. There were interested in cars, music. The youth of the 50's wanted leisures, it is the silent generation : their parents went to the war and they lied through war. They just wanted to live their life carpe diem. Another youth rejected conformity : they cried for the civil rights, they rejected the war in Korea, they felt misunderstood and alone. But, people started to wonder about unequalities, in the youth. It was the beat generation. They glorified uninhibited sexuality, they were in search of it, the key of everything. Jales Dean.

But, a lot of juvenil delinquancy, it was the launch kids. 50's : good old days ( even though poverty and segregation). The decade was idealized.

60 : kennedy's election ( democrat)

44 million votes, he won by a minuscule percentage. Southerner and roman catholic.

Wife : Jaqueline. He concentrated in international affairs.january 61 : he's done evrything to uphold american freedom. Peace corps programme

Civilisation Américaine ( cours avant les vacances)

Most families had radios and families were listening to the last updates. Americans of course wanted to defeat evil Hitler. Programms were multiplied. Caracters such as Superman and Captain America were a good reading material

Many battles were being fought everywhere. The exact numbers of the casualties will neber be known. About 60 million death. The Russian suffered the most (30 million), the German lost around 3.5 million soldiers, Japaneese around 1.5, the Chineese lost 2.2 million. France & Britain lost hundreds of thousands of troops (+ civilians).
6 million Jews were exterminated along with homosexuals, priests …
In the USA, there were aroun 300 000 losses and 700 000 wounded.

Civilisation Américaine 6.03.12

During the war, women were encouraged to go to the university because a lot of men were gone for war. Once men came back to America, government propaganda machine was working. Women were then encouraged to stay at home, to clean and raise up the children. The American dream was promoted after the war ( having a TV, a car...). Some were excluded from the dream :

• Between 1954 and 1962, government relocated many native americans, indians
• Other people were excluded, many african americans and elderly people.
  Theis was the beginning of a king of rebellion as far as Black people are concerned. 1947 : Jackie Robinson ==> He broke the color barrier and he was drafted to play base ball, before it was segregated ( black and white teams were separated). They didn't have the same type of equipment and public support. He finally became very famous, the most valuable player and he was even in the national walk of fame for base ball. Executive order 9981 : disegregation of the army. Thanks to a lot of courageaous teachers and religious people, everything changed. 1951 : Rev Brown in Topeka, Kansas. Brown wanted her daughter to go to the Kansas school but she was black, her application couldn't be accepted. Many people were denied because of their color. Individuals got together to bring a suit against the educational system, the suit went to the Supreme Court and it was listed as " Brown Vs. Board of education of Topeka Kansas". Earl Warren was a newly nominated chief justiceand he was in charge of the case. He was nominated in 1952, the same year of the election of Dwight D eisenhower ( Republican). In 1957, Republican President Eisenhower sent federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas to prtect 9 young black high school students. Orville Faubas, he tried to protect them with the local police. Some schools were closed to open private schools and black people couldn't attend. Rosa Parks= Montgomery, Alabama, 1 december 1955. She took the bus after work and she took the seat at the front, in the white section, not at the bottom. The bus driver told her to move. She did not. She was arrested. Martin Luther King Junior helped her, boycott of bus. It almost bankrupt the city bus system and in november of 1956, almost a year later, the supreme court issued a decision. KKK resurfaced ( see Norman Rockwell)

Disagreement about the eastern countries of Europe, especially after the war. Soviet union and the USA tried to save their own power. These 2 super powers avoided direct military actions. But, they used all their forces, all types of them. Truman wanted that people had free lections ( but buffer zone). Stalin closed everything from trade and here was the Iron curtain which talked aboutChurchill.

Great events showing the competition between the USA and the Soviet Union :

1947 = Marshall Plan. Rebuild

Soviet's reaction was the easter bloc countries.

1948 : Stalin blocked railways and routes to Berlin.

1949 : NATO

1945 : China, nationalist party lead by Chiang kai shek, mao zedong took over control ( communism was set up)

1955 : NORTH korean army invaded the south.

Americans ignored threat ( especially the one of the atomic bomb)

1953 : korea divided ( communism at the North).

Civi Américaine 5.03.12

Battle of the Bodge : A month for troops to reach the other riverbank.

1942-1945 : A lot of battles

• Bataan Death March Apr 1942 : Battle in the Pacific with the Japanese. There were many prisoners and a bad strategy was used, toops were walking and walking, going from a camp to another without any goal, it was a very good way to kill the enemies without doing anything
• Guadalcanal : It was in the Solomon Islands (1942).
• Midway Islands
• Guam : Big battle
• Okinawa
• Iwojima

General Douglas Mac Arthur was very famous, he's even represented in movies. The American army playes leapfrog in the Pacific ( saute-moutons). By 1945, the Soviets had taken over Poland, Austria, Bulgaria etc...They had drewn out the Germans out of many countries. They were chasing after Hitler.

February 4-11, 1945 : The Yalta Conference with Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt. They met together to discuss about the final assault on Germnay. They also begun to talk about and agreed on on peace organization (UN). They discussed about who would get what after the war.

Apr 12, 1945 : Roosevelt died. Truman started making demands on Staline about his control over Poland and about Polish people to have free elections. Stalin broke his promises of Yalta of not interferring with the eastern countries.

Apr 4, 45 :Hitler poisened himself.

VE Day : Victory in Europe, the 8^th of May 1945. The conflict with Germnay was done.

1942 : The Manhattan Project : Building very destructive weapons, it was a top secret project.

Robert Oppenheimer : Chief director of this project and there was a lot of testing sites especially out west ( Alamogordo, New Mexico).

A lot of military men developed sicknesses because of the nuclear effects.

June 1945 : There was a meeting in San Francisco, a lot of countries met and they framed the guidelines for the UN charter ( keeping international peace etc...).

1945 : Truman, Staline and Churchill issued in Postdam ( Germany) the Postdam Declaration ( A warn to Japan which needed to accept everything or would risk very prompt destructions). They discussed :

• There needed to be punishments and war tribunals for war criminals.

Japan : Bombs were droped on two cities : HIroshima ( August 6) and Nagasaki ( August 9).

Mac Arthur accepted on september 2^nd : Official declaration and surrender. Churchill said that the bomb was a miracle of deliverance. Truman and others realized that peace in Japan didn't mean peace in the whole world. In fact, Stalin's intentions were to create a buffer zone of socialist states surrounding the Soviet union. He wanted all the states to become socialist, this would be a zone of safety to protect the Soviet Union physically. Here comes the threat of the atomic weapon by the Americans. American's government position created a momentum for America and the Soviet Union to create absolutely the atomic union. These two countries became enemies, this is the cold war. There were a lot of confrontations, and the threat of the atomic war turned this cold war into a post war preoccupation of nuclear war.

1948 Truman was elected for the first time, when the war was over. 12 million people were in service and then there were only 1.5 million then. Reduction of the military force.

1944 Servicemen's readjustment Act : Actual GI Bill of rights. Many veterans had top job priotity and they were given 52 weeks of enemployment if needed. They had also hospital care free or very low-cost and they were elligible for very low homeloans.

During the war, many traditional values changed. A lot of men were forced to share small living spaces and with different people as far as religion or ethnicity are concerned during the war.

The gender discrimination was increasing. Because of a lot of traditions events or changes, most of the men were at war and women were working in factories, they were considered as subsitutes. There was an economic boom after the war. People had habits of saving ( habits coming from the depression). During the boom, a lot of people had liquid cash saved and a lot of goods and services were demanded for this liquid cash. They bought cars and Truman could inaugurate a very large public work project. He wanted to build interstate highways. It created a lot of pollution and it created the importance of oil, boom in the whole world and mobility. There was a baby and a housing boom. Many people went to live in the suburban life. It was the american dream because, for many families who longed for a good school, a own home, neighbourhoods like they were. People had a car but had also a TV. By 1946, one in every 18000 home had a TV. A lot of people were going to cinemas but teenagers ( kids born in the mid 30's) had seen war...lot of infedility, divorces..." latchkey kids".

America started producing at an amazing rate !Child rearing was the preoccupation of the post-war America and the idea was back that a woman had to be at home to raise the children and clean the house.

Benjamin Spoke became famous because of his advices to american women. He wrote " baby and child care". This was the bible of child rearing. Maney women refered to Spoke instead of their own mothers. Education was reinforced.

Civi Américaine 13.02.12

In the 30's, There were shanties, many suicides ( people were scared not to be able to provide for their family), many people were getting depressed. Gerald Johnson even wrote a report in 1932 dealing with this depressive feeling. President Hoover called the government to create projects but overall, he didn't believe in a mass government assistance. He was definitely not socialist and he didn't do a lot to solve the situation. He was not able to get back America on track. In 1932, the democratic party nominated Roosevelt, he married Eleanor who was for the Human rights. They had 6 children. He was young for politics but Eleanor was young too, she was a progressist and was committed in a lot of movements. Then , Roosevelt got polio ( 1921) but he did make a significant recovery. He had the idea of " a new deal". " You have nothing to fear but fear itself" he said ==> This is a famous sentence of Roosevelt, and this was recomforting for American people. He was for capitalism and democracy. He used many theories, one of them was from the British gentleman John Maynard Keynes : Massive government spendings could encourage a more private spending and a massive consommation. He brought many people to come to Washington to be his advisers, he wanted to bring all the intellegentsia to his cabinet : It was the brain trust. In 1933, the 20^th admendment wad added to the Constitution and this changed the Presidency inauguration date from March to January 20^th : This was done for the President to be able to act more fastly, he could take his position as soon as possible. The 21^st admendment was added, the 18^th admendment followed : Prohibition ( to cut down on crime, give farmers a reason to go back to work). In the first 100 days, Roosevelt expanded the federal involvement in the national economy. He closed all of the banks and established measures to reorganize the american bank system. It was the alphabeat soup.

• he helped americans struggling to survive ( accepted loan at the bank). He created the CCC : civilian conservations corps. It was to make young men back to work : replanting, reforestation, parks maintenance, roads rebuilt, briges rebuilt...It was outdoor job. By 1934, ( a million) a half of a young men was employed by the CCC.
• He passed the federal emergency relief act : he gave 500 million to the individual states and cities
• He set a programme to aid the major farmers and he paid the farmers to let the fields fallow : to not grow anything, it gives land a period to rest : it keeps the prices rise. Farmers can rest. TVA : Tennessee Valley authority : to provide hydroelectric power.

It took several years for the economy to recover and for the money to circulate again.

In 1935, FDR provided further aid for poor : retired workers and other needy groups, people living in the country, rural population

• 1935 : social security act : provided for workers to have a retirement system so that at the age of 65, they can retire.

But, Americans didn't want charity. FDR always insisted that he had saved capitalism solving the social problems.

1936 : He was reelected, he carried every single state except Maine especially.

He was reelected. FDR's programme was successful. What shaped America in the 1930's was new deal. Culture had an evolution too : Gangster's movies, Hemingway, cow boy movies. A lot of money was invested into public work projects : Farm secutity administration : Dorothea Lange, she was a photographer.

Williamsburg : town restaured. Post offices built.

At the same moment, dangerous movements developed in Europe :

Benoti mussolini with the fascism.

Hitler national socialist " kristallnacht" nov 9-10 1938 : 60 000 dead people.

Civi Américaine 14.02.12

When war erupted, it was a shock for America but they thought they wouldn't have to intervene. 1940 : America came into war. FDR was elected a third time, he promised something : " I will never send an american boy to fight in a foreign war". During the war, Americans made deals : They sold a lot of arms, USA made a deal with UK especially.

June 1941 : Germany invaded USSR and FDR sent aid to USSR whereas communism wasn't accepted in the USA. It made deals with USSR. FDR said " To defeat Hitler I would hold heads with the devil". Then, FDR and Winston Churchill met in NewFoudland to discuss the world effort and the post war as well. They signed an agreement named the Atlantic Charter. This Charter is divided into 8 points, here are the main ones :

• USA Won't interwar with the willingness of having new territories.
• Lower fees for import-export
• Freedom at sea
• People have the right to be free and self-determined
• Disarmement of nations which have aggressive intentions

1940 : Hitler had victories : It encouraged Japan. It invaded Indonesia and FDR blocked all japanese assets. This angered the Japanese government. It sent out warnings about war and an attack. But, because of the distance with Japan, no one took these japanese warnings seriously.

Pearl Harbor. : 7^th december 1941. In 3 hours, battleships had been sunk and airplanes were destroyed. A lot of people were killed as it was a surprise attack.

8^th december 1941 : Roosevelt declared war on Japan.

11^th december 1941 : Hitler and Mussolini declared war to the USA.

WWII created social problems, depression. It forced people to be tolerant, to be new people. Some left their farms and went to cities to work. It gave Americans a chance to change their lives, social values changed. During the WWII era, there were lot more divorces and marriages, and babies. But also a lot higher delinquency. Women went to work too. War eliminated unemployment. War made people all shipping together , it was the " American spirit". There were a lot of public campaigns to be patriotic, to be a good american. There were many men but a lot of women also, they were working in factories, they were G.I (government issue, men and women who went into war). Many women put on pants. Cf :Rosie the Riveter ( see documents). She agreed to pose for an artist ( Norman rockwell). But, there was still a mentality that was that only men went into war but not women. It allowed gender discrimination to florish. But, some were nurses etc...There were roughly a million American African men and other were African Mexican. They gained rights they didn't have before. Integration was a key issue then :There was no mix but integration was experimented in the troops, but they were always lead by white men. Native americans were also soldiers : Navaho was their language and it was useful as it couldn't be cracked. It was strategic, one or two navaho men were in each troop, they were messengers. They were the key success in many strategic battles. Americans feared spyers. It's been proven now that no act of disloyal behaviour had been proven or found as far as Japanese are concerned ( At a period, some japanese were crowded in camps as theere were suspicions about their loyalty)

1982 : Ronald Regan :He issued a formal apology and a payment ( 20 000 dollars for each japanese people ).

Civi américaine 6.02.12

The middle class reformers tried to set sanitary standards. They tried to impose their own moral standards. Diversions that made city life more bearable for poor people were seen as moral traps for educated people. There were new laws that rose out of the progressive movement, like anti prostitution laws, age limit laws, etc. The turn of the century was the heaviest drinking time for the US.

In 1914, due to heavy lobbying, there was the narcotic act that was passed to restrict and eliminate heavy drug use (no more cocaine in Coca Cola).

Over 17 million immigrants came to the US between 1900 and 1917 coming from all over the world. NYC leaders had to find jobs and places to live for these people. Many of these immigrants came from different cultures.

The average work time went down to 50/40 hours a week. They had more time for leisure activities. Education was how the US government wanted to assimilate new immigrants. Little by little, if a child spoke his or her own language, they were punished, including in Louisiana.

The radio was invented in 1920 and was able to connect the nation. Movies were big business during the war and especially after the war. 1927: The Jazz Singer.

By 1930, there was as many as 100 million tickets being sold each week. Millions of weekly magazines were sold.

First solo transatlantic flight from NY to Paris made by Lindbergh.

Music was also important, especially jazz. A lot of people moved from the South to the North, bringing their music with them.

Many people of that time contributed to a very solid American literature. There was an advertizing boom, especially in marketing.

Henry Ford developed and improved the Model T.

The progressive movement passed a law that would outlaw alcohol. 11^th Amendment outlawed the selling, the making and the drinking of alcohol. It was almost impossible to enforce this law and a lot of speakeasies popped up and they were supplied by bootleggers. There were always lots of police raids. Rise of a lot of mafia and gangsters, especially in NYC, LA, and Las Vegas.  Al Capone was in Chicago.

Anti evolution laws in 1859 that outlawed the teaching of anything different from Christian theory (in opposition to Darwin’s theory); this was tested in ACLU in 1925.

John T. Scopes, a biology professor from Tennessee, taught the evolution theory. The officials filed a lawsuit against him because it was illegal according to the states’ law. He has only read the theory out loud.

The SC ruled later that similar laws had violated the constitution by promoting certain religious views.

There were other rebellion spirits against government officers. People were disillusioned after the Spanish American War and WW1. Many artists and writers were denounced as radicals. They were all committed to American ideals; they created an authentic national culture inspired by their literary efforts (they travelled a lot, for example to France, to discuss with other intellectuals). A lot of interesting literature was produced at that time.

The roaring twenties came to an end. A new president (republican) was elected. Hoover’s administration started out as a promising start. Social and economical changes. Massive overproduction. The prices were lowered. They could use credit to buy goods: installment buying. During this period, there was a “get rich quick” attitude: speculation, gambling, etc.

When a lot of small investors entered the market, if they couldn’t afford to buy stock at face value, the stock records let them buy on margin. Overproduction made some industries slow down. They didn’t have enough money to buy stuff as fast as they were being made.

Crop prices dropped, farmers couldn’t pay their loans for their machines or their land.

The effect of the crash snowballed.

A run-on-a bank: people are nervous. Everyone comes and wants to withdraw money. The bank doesn’t have enough money to give the people who are closing their counts. The banks have to close because they failed and people lost money.

Big financial depression. The US had insisted that their allies repay the wartime debt. Congress also raised import tariffs (very high

Civi américaine 30.01.12

Grandfather clause : Certain states passed laws to prevent American Africans from voting. They instaured new taxes for them not to be able to vote ( as they had to pay to vote).

1830's ==> News laws instaured in Massachussetts. Durant these same years, there were several fears and especially the one that African American communities could do political and ecoomic damages to the white community. In order to keep the black community "in its place", there was the fear of lynching ( with the KKK). 1896 : Plessy V. Ferguson ==> dealing with separations. A gentleman was an African American, he refused to seat in the black section and he was arrested. After this affair, a new admentment was born : The 14^th admendment : Separation facilities were okay as long as they were equal. ( Manifest Destiny here again). It was influential in the imperialism game during these years. Then there was an economic crisis ( 1893), Cleveland was the President, he was socially oriented. He had a very conservative platform to get the country back on its feet ( Republican). Domestically, the situation was difficult. 1897 : USA went interwar with Spain : This is the Spanish American war. It put the USA in a deep depression. It proved also that America was no little country. USA, by this war, wanted to protect its overseas trade market : tobacco, sugar...Everyboday wanted this war in the USA but not the President. Everybody talked about this war in the newspapers. Two men were interested in this war : They were captains of industry : William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. The reason for getting involved was to liberate Cuba from Spain. Spain was desperately trying to hold on its overseas territory and particularly this one. However, Cuba wanted its independance. Frederick Remington ==> American artist ( I furnish the paper and you furnish the war) . Manipulations. Officially the war began after the "Maine" ( the navy battle ship which was in front of Havana, he mysteriouely exploded in January 1897). It was a problem of combustion, there was no attck but it was discovered later. In April, the war was declared. Volunteers were called, they were known as the rough riders. After fights, Spain accepted the terms of the protocole, it was signed on August 9^th 1898. There were only about 379 dead persons ( from fighting). Over all, the American losses were 5462 men (from sicknesses). 1902 USA governed Cuba. Cuba accepted not to make any treaty with a foreign power, USA withdrew from Cuba. US reserved the right to internvene in Cuba and also accept a military area there, Guantanamo. 1908 : Problem with pacific empire. Roosevelt was a military from Cuba. He was congratulated by the republicans, they conviced him to take the post of vice-president. Washington Booker T : Defended the rights of Black Americans.

Panama Canal ( lead by Ferdinand de Lesseps), a new country was called Panama. USA gave 10 million dollars to each governor and to Panama to have the right to use the Canal finished under president Wilson. Theodore Roosevelt believed that monopoly was good as long as it was regulated. Pure food and drug Act.

Develoment of big industries. Expansions of cities etc...Middle class gained a lot of power politically. Populism. The progressive movement : People could participate to corporations and it was also a movement of reforms during an era where there was a new exiting sense of changes. Industrialization. Women began the movement, they wanted to remedy to social ills of society or industrial capitalism. They pushed for the right to vote for women, they pushed their right to work.

Populist woman : Jane Addams : Social worker. Irish woman : Mary Mallon, she was a cook, she was a genetic carrier for typhoid. So, many people were sick...It was a public scandal. Schools changed also, became more receptive to reforms. Roosevelt said that big business is ok if its regulated. The Muckrakers. They had effects on the American people ...Due to corporations being exposed by members from pro active movements especially, impose their own moral standards on the urban population. Moral traps that would encourage bad behaviours. Anti prostituion laws. Many people in the progressive movements.

Civilisation américaine

The Gilded Age (end of the 19th century)
→ Spread of industry, the Robber Barons took advantage of the immigrants.
People could cross the country with the railroad system.

A lot of social changes: the working week went from 60 hours to 50 hours a week. People were looking for leisure activities: cinemas, sports, theaters, baseball, parks, radio etc… New fashions (with the sewing machine). People were becoming standardized.
Many questions arose about morality, about behavior.
→ What did it mean to be a good American? Someone who was hygienically clean. Public schools helped make Americans: they were free and all states passed laws to make schools compulsory. A lot of kids were speaking their native language at home but they learned English at school. At that time, the English language was the key to success in America, that’s what the government was promoting and what the people knew.
Universities like Harvard and Yale wouldn’t accept immigrants. A lot of new universities were built and the system of education was changed. It became accessible to women and to black men.
A lot of this was thanks to the donations of the Rubber Barons. Women’s colleges.
Universities for and by African Americans.

The US faced a lot of political and social changes. It led to politics that had a hands-off approach. A lot of big businessmen controlled a lot of politics.
During the Gilded Age, the Republicans controlled the Northern cities.
Democrats included the urban factory workers, immigrants, labors, southern planters, western farmers, the poor and underprivileged. They claimed to be for the common man, they said they would raise the farmers’ salaries and they also were proponents of using silver to control the currency instead of gold. They were against the blue laws (that prohibited certain behavior, like the drinking of alcohol on Sundays).
Politicians needed every single vote they could so they avoided taking strong stances on any topic because they didn’t want to offend anyone.
James Garfield was elected president but he was assassinated in 1881. Chester Arthur stepped in as President and made a lot of progress in performing the spoils system. He gave voters jobs.

Grover Cleveland was elected in 1885 (democrat).
Benjamin Harrison elected in 1889 (republican).
William McKinley elected in 1897.

America developed extremely rapidly in the last two decades of the 19th century. At that time 93% voted.
Many of the issues of the industrialization or poverty were not touched by politicians, it was too risky.

The 1890s began with an economic crisis because of investment and over speculation.

Grover Cleveland was elected in 1893 (democrat) before and after Harrison. He was faced with overseas countries that needed gold and silver backup. GB had a lot of economic problems and when British investors had problems in Britain, they went to the States; they wanted their gold.
It depleted the gold reserve in the US; it went to Britain.
The US was also spending a lot of money in pensions and on different construction projects. At the end of 1893, gold was dangerously low and many banks and businesses failed.
The industrial unemployment level had reached as much 25%. People were starving, even in the big cities like NY. It was a difficult time and this created a huge labor unrest → two problems dealing with nativism: movement to restrict immigration.
The rule farmers were working even harder. The industry ad the monopoly on railroad, shipping, steel, factories… Farmers were caught in a web of inflated prices. Even before the crises, a lot of farmers got together and created granges. These are similar with unions. There were radicals, reformers. They formed a group called the Populists. They were the working-class, the backbone of America. They were tired of having to go by business rules. They gained a lot of political plot.
(Mary Elizabeth Lease said: “What you farmers need is to raise less corn and more hell.”)
They had so many members that they made a lot of pressure on both political parties.

William McKinley 1896 (Republican): he tried to reform public business. His measures were successful, the country regained a little bit of stability and he was reelected in 1900.
The depression was thus memorable for the lessons it taught.
A lot of middle-class charitable workers realized that sober people can also succumb to a society’s economic depression and good people get in situations they can’t control. As the social work profession grew, its members spent less and less time preaching to the poor and more time investigating the reasons why people were poor: reorientation on how people thought about poverty.
There were also social transformations that changed the face of America. Education was the key to success. Government realized it was the 1st step to economic and social success.
By the 1900s, around 60% of American children were enrolled in free public schools. This is how they turned immigrants into Americans: this is the Americanization in teaching them with cleanliness thrift, patriotism and hard work. A good American was a patriot.
A lot of colleges were built for women and blacks. Some universities were forced to admit black men and women. They wanted to break free from a lot of Victorian codes of conduct. Women wanted the right to vote, equal pay and they wanted to own and control their own property. They also wanted access to higher quality jobs and they wanted to be protected from domestic violence. They did progress.
Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois were pillars in the black community. Booker T. Washington helped having access to education. WEB Dubois graduated from Harvard with PHD.
1890: 160 black Afrian Americans were attending US universities.
1900: over 600 thousand (or 6,000?) had graduated.

Even after the passage of the 13th and 14th Amendments, they were still discriminated. In Northern states, people were worried the impact the blacks would have.
They wanted to vote so they decided that voters should be landowners. They also charged a fee. A lot of people were not landowners. There was also a literacy test to prove they could write, which excluded a lot of African Americans, as well as whites. Grandfather clauses: if you had relatives who could vote before the Civil War, then you could vote.
Jim Crowe Laws were associated with the Southerners sates but they first appeared in Massachusetts in the 1830s: fear of sexual contact between black men and white women and the fear that things would change for white people. In order to keep blacks in their places, the terror of lynching was rampant.

Dernier cours de Civilisation Américaine

Correction :

• He was born on Dec 31, 1613. ( not in).
• 17 november 2011 ( pas de "th").
• The book is entitled, Be Happy
• Can't start a sentence with " and", "but" or a number.

Exam : Short answers ( 8 sentences), Blanks ( names, places, dates), matching ( names, places and dates), essays.

After the Civil war, the south needed to be rebuilt ( expansion of the west also). There were several things : Many people were migrated, there was an economic boom, invention of technologies, new energy sources, big demand of goods, lack of cheap unskilled labourers, ricks taking of businessmen and bankers ( this changed the speed and direction of the country). The post Civil War Era created a heavy competition in one area specifically : The railroad. By 1900, there were almost 200 000 miles and this permitted to go accross the country ( 1 week instead of one month). It cut down a lot of travel time and this was good for business. It changed the notion of time. Sun time to " standard time". It openes opportunities for businessmen. Andrew Carnegie was a businessman who was a poor Irish immigrant who came to migrate to the USA. He started to take small jobsand then he became the owner of the Carnegie Steel Company. Businessmen liked him, he was getting rich because the railroads were made of steel. J. Pierpont Morgan said, at a party, " if you have to ask ( the coast), you can't afford it". He was born in a very wealthy banking London family. The government came to him to ask for loans. John D. Rockfeller made his money thanks to oil. He discovered petroleum could be used as lubricant or a heating soutrce : He founded the Sta,dard Oil Company. All of these rich men are called " Captains of industry" or " Robber barons". They were successful, wise, efficient, they developed " trusts" and they used new techniques of business. A lot fo the labourers in factories were parts in a fast machine world ( they didn't know the boss and the boss didn't know them). In the factories, workers were no longer artisnas, they were just unskilled workers who had just to push a button or something. Some of then worked 12 to 16 hours day and they were poorly paid. In factories, they worked in the dark. The goal was only to make money. Competition between business was unhealthy for many workers as far as the conditions are concerned. They didn't embrace the socialism of Marx because many thought that it would break the ideas of America : Private propreties, self interests...Marx's ideas would have stopped the possibility to compete in a free way. Many workers started to embrace labor unions. As the size of business increases, the number of angry employers increased too. Many went on striken and complained but others were hired to replace the ones ons tricke ( they were called scabs – the ones who replaced). Unions worked that way : They took little membership fee to everyone ( it wasa kind of business too). In 1870's-1880's, it changed thanks to Samuel Gompers. Instead of organizing unions, he proposed to organize a big union. He proposed a national federation that represented the workers. He advocated a 8 hour working day, he achieved mine safety laws and he was able able to have employer's liability for workers'injuries. At the end of the 19^th century, the American Federation of Labour was created ( AFL). At first, there was over than 1.5 million of workers. The robber barons made their fortune on the sweat of poor uneducated immigrants. In the 17^th century, 40% of the American population lived in cities. Between the 1830's and 1860's, plus or minus 4 million immigrants were coming from Northern Europe. Then, in 1900, there were 11 million of immigrants. NYC became the welcoming port for them and Ellis Island was the arrival point. Many of the immigrants coming from Europe were leaving for overpopulation, famine, wars and the temptation to have a job that pays and to have bread was convincing. Immigrants came to cities and they lived into communities (example : NYC with little italy, it is communautarianism). Immigrants lives in appartment building called tenements. There's another reason why immigrants were gathering together : contacts and a lot of native Americans didn't like foreigners. Many of them feared the immigrants' growing influence and many also detested that these newly arrived people would accept to work for a very poor wage, they woudl actually steel Americans' jobs. In the tenements, there were no electricity and no toilets' facilities : It was getting filthy and there was a lot of hygiene problems. An area of this type is called a slum. There was someone that ownes these tenements : They were slum-lords. During the same area and cities, there was a middle class that started developing : small bankers, lawyers etc... They were able to work, make money and move out to the surburbs. Segragation began then. It was based on education and money. Neighbourhoods: A new class was born. The custops of the Americans started to change with the arrival of migrants. Then, there was a culture of leisure and amusements activities : Amusement parks ( Like Coney island). After long hours of work and hard conditions of leaving, people were looing for a little bit of pleasure. They could turn their back from misery. Entertainment like Vaudeville shows, theather performances etc... All of these were for low classes. Other classes preferes songs or church. The working class embraced ragtime ( with usic, people could dance with the opposite sex). A lot of ready-made clothing came to the USA from France and sometimes, it created tensions between the classes. Many questions arose about morality. A mass public education developed for everyone to have the same education and the same way of thinking : T his was a way to develop an unique American culture.

American Civilization 9.12.11

Exam : short answers, matching, blanks, essays.

After the civil war, there was a reconstruction era. It ended by 1877 ( from 1874). If we go at North, some people are very close to the civil war era, in the south some still talk about Yankees. Everything was changed : Culture, Economy. South was really turned upside down. A lot of slaves were feeling a great joy because they were free. A lot took off after the civil war. Many went west but a lot of them migrated at North. There was a lot of competition at north ( for a job for example). After a few months, the ex slaves realized that it was difficult to have jobs ( no education, job, clothing, supporting). So, many saves turned back south and asked to start again to be a slave. Slaves suffered, the white southerners suffered too as the northern government was strong ( new laws...). Black people suffered too because they were considered as pons ( pions). In the North, people were not interested in the conditions of Black people, they just wanted to gain some power. There were also massive debts, Government said states had to pay their own debts. Most cities in the south were able to reorganize themselves, not all states were governed by northerners. Rights after the war, in 1868, Ulysses S Grant was elected President for 2 terms ( scandals during the second term). After the civil war, the Southerners took back the power in the south little by little. Then, the reconstruction Era ended. 1876 : Ruther Ford B Hayes : was a former Governer of Ohio, he had modern viws on the south and ideas towards reconstruction. This election of 1776 was the first time in which electoral college was used. Samuel Tildon received a lot of popular votes but lost in the electoral college vote. Southern democrats to let Hayes become President but there were conditions. By mid 1777, people were happy about the end of the reconstruction. In 1870's, Aericans went through the reconstruction and then put their energy in new programmes ( new projects). Second half inf the 19^th century : West had experiment a lot of changes too. A lot of people abandoned army, took their family and brought them out west ( gold).

Indian removal

In the 1880's-1890's : cowboys

In the two decades that arrived after reconstruction, there were events and people crreating the American myth, cowboys were part of these people. By 1869, there was the transcontnental railroad ( from the east going west) ( manifest destiny). With the expansion of the transports, there were more movements. The legend of the cowboys developed more and more. During the civil war, in 1862, Lincoln passed a law The Homestead Act : Peoplegoing out west had a hyge percentage of free land. Lincoln did this to grow the USA. It was also a way to get rid of the Indian Americans. Some government rules were only dedicated to Indians. They were dependent from the government. Over the nest 30 year after the civil car, Oin 1860, Indian reservations were huge, they were pushed away ( sizes of the reservations were reduced so White people could settle as the fields were fertile).

The Indians were deprived of their tradition : hunting etc...To controle them better, Buffalos were killed also. In 1865, 15 000 000 buffalos. 1890: Less than 1000. Native American Indians were in hostage : no source of food anymore ! They were forced to ask a government financial aid. There were after thirty years on and on during there were 2 battles that stick the American history :

1876 : Sioux tribe : They were revolting at West because a lot of settlers were crossing into their territories ( gold). Settlers were destroying minin for them and killing nature. George A Custer and Chief Sitting Bull, Chief Crazy Horse are important characters. Between the 2 chives, there were battles. Monument : Little Big Horn River. Custer's last stand : During the Little Big Horn Rivr Battle. Government wanted to get back on this event. December 29, 1890 : Wounded knee : Federal troops opened fire on unarmed men, women and children , it was a massacre. The Indians were forced to live on smaller and smaller reservations to leave rooms to settlers. Myth of cowboy : Cattle drive ( drive cows from a place to another). The American media helped the image young and wealthy american man ( fearless...). Invention : barbed wire : Business and commerce reached th west thanks to the railroad. Business replaced the cowboys, something replaced this ERA. The, there is the post reconstruction era and then again there is the GILDED AGE ( something gilded is glittered for example, on the surface it looks good but it is not actually). From 1880 to 1900, it was an age where vulgar, gawdy, cheap... Politics and business were rough, there was corruption. America developed a lot with the immigrants. This era was a destructive era anyway. Business and Capitalism turnes Americans' heads from the cowboys'time to a greedier era. Gilded age means also development of industry. By the end of the 19^th century, USA was producing more goods than Germany, England and France all together. With the building of business, there were drawbacks ( workers were poor and dying because of the hard conditions of work in the north in the industry fiels). At this time, there was a lot of money to be made ( like always after a war, example : Gulf war). Economic boom, spread of the factory system, development of technology, pressure for competition, new energy sources ( electricity), unskilled cheap labour : All of this changed the country.

American Civilization 5.12.11

The Fugitive Act was passed : If a slave escapes, government will do everything to give the slave back to the owner. There was the American-Mexican war, the social movement ( with education). And There were political scandals and arguments over slavery : Harriet Beechen Stowe wrote in 1852 " Uncle's Tom cabin". This described the harsh treatment of slaves, it outraged the Northeners and southerners. October 16, 1859 : Harper's ferry : There was an incident, John Brown was for the abolition of slavery, some attacked the armury at Harper's ferry. People gave munitions to slaves for them to be able to defend themselves. This uprising was the idea of John Brown. But, the plans didn't work and several people were killed and captured and particularly John Brown. A lot of northern abolitionists agreed with John Brown's action. Dec 20, 1840 : South Carolina : First state and then there were Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and Georgia. They suceded ( to withdraw) from the union, the nation. In fac, in February 1841, there were delegates from the southern states who tried to organize, they called themselves the Confederate States of America. In April 12, 1861 There was an incident in Charleston (Fort sumter), there were exchanges of shots between troups. This was actually the Civil war or the War between the States. Volunteers were called for the union army. Lincoln called for volunteers and then union troops were sent down. People didn't want to be told what to do. States didn't want help by the government and especially North didn't to be dependent from the South as far as slavery is concerned. During this war, thousands of people were killed and states were devastated. When troops were coming up to houses, people did hide animals and silver. Abraham Lincoln is an important character frop the Civil war. He advocated the abolition of slavery. Lincoln saw the independance of the 7 states as a resurrection, he knoew this was for the peace of the union. But, it lead to the war. The civil war was thought in 3 main stages :

• Between Richmond and Washington DC
• Between Ohio River Valley, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.
• Mississippi River Valley

The first year of the Civil was devastating. Trade via harbours : sugar, rhum.

In July 1861, there was the first great battle of the civil war : Battle of Bull Run : The confederate troups crushed the union troops. This is the battle that made Lincoln realize that it wouldn't be a little rebellion but actually a real violent war. Out west, there were battles also. Ulysses S. Grant was a union army man, he had gratuated from the university and actually went to school with a lot of confederate soldiers. He said "keep on moving". In 1862, there was another big battle in Tennessee : Battle of Shiloh ( 20 000 dead people approx). A man was elected as President of the Confederacy : Jefferson Davis. In 1862, he signed the confederate Act. This was the first military draft of the USA. Then, Jefferson was forced to drop a similar bill : drop a major that called ...April 1852 : New Orleans were under the union command. June 1862 : Robert E. Lee took control of the confederate armies. September 1862 : Emancipation Proclamation : it was important but never really did what it promised to do. Jan 1, 1863 : Lincoln " anyone held in terrotory who was ...free". A lot of the bordern states along the confederacy joined the union, this made the Emancipation Proclamation a tricky document. Were they actually wery free ? No, after this document, there was never one slave freed. When the southerners heard about the Eproclamation, it confirmed for them that Lincoln wanted to force them to abandon slavery. Because of the proclamation, France and Britain both decided not to recognize the confederacy. If France and Britain had done so, this would mean tha they endorse slavery; For the northerners, they supported Lincoln but after the proclamation, it made them less supporting for the war; if slaves were freed, they would come to the North. 1863 was a very hard year on both sudes : decimation etc... and there were hard times : confederacy decided to have their money. A lot of people moved out west not to choose between North and South. On October 24n, 1861 : There was the first telegraph message. Before that, there was the Pony Express ( 10 days) : mail delivery service. During the civil war, there was also a lot of attacks by indians of people. Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 : a lot ob fkilled people. March 1864 : new chief of the union troups. There was the general Shermann and another man. Shermann " leave ..with his eyes to whip".

Grant :

Both sides were out of food, energy... April 9 1865 Court House : ( been at west point : military academy). Grant allowed soldiers to use their arms. There are approw 650 000 troops dead on with sides. There were a lot of sicknesses. Racism.

How to rebuild ? Etc... Reaclimated the slave's community. April 14, 1865 : Lincold was at ford's theater and during the pkay he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Andrew Johnson took over the power f President after Lincoln.

After the Civil war, there were 2 problems for the Union : - How to readmit southern states

• How to redefine the status of slave ?

During the Civil war, there was a period of reconstruction, this lasted 10 years and there were many acts and amendments add to the Constitution for the citizenship. Government really wanted to created a new social status in the south. After some successes, there were northern politicians and turned more to an issue of ecobomics. Before Lincoln's death, Congress had passed the 13^th amend in Feb 1865. This abolished slavery and this was ra tified in december 1865. When Andrew Johnson became President, he posted some povisional soldiers and troups and privional governers in the southern states. How to readmit them ? Government came up that after 10% of the citizens of a state who agreed to be loyan to the union, there would be a readmission. They received amnesty and were pardoned. Over the next few years, the confederate states returned to the union and they actually admitted they were wrong. Even though the Union admitted the former confederate states, there was still a certain animosity.A lot of southerners did not like the idea of abolition of slavery so the Black codes was invented. It was a way of getting back at the Northern government and insured that the newly freed slaves were not get out of hand. These codes guaranteed the freedmen some rights like marriage, ownership of property and the right to testify in court against Blacks ( blacks against blacks). Former slaves were free but not very liberated, slaves were happy and a lot left their farms but out of these they didn't know what to do. They were abandoned. April 1866 : 14^th amend was passed : It was said that all persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens and no State could take away their rights without due process of law. There was a right to vote for any adult male and if you deny this right, there would be a reduction of representation in Congress. All Confederate southern office holders ( mayors etc..) couldn't hold government jobs. The Union refused also to pay for confederate debts. This amend angered and the ancient confederate states thought that it should bring more protection etc.. A lot of Southern democrats didn't agree with the rights of former slaves. It was a key issue during this period of reconstruction. The North was afraid because without the Black vote, the Northern republican could not stai in place.

1869, 15^th amend was passed and it was ratified in 1870 : Secures and prohibits the denial of voting rights to any person. It was to reorient the mentality of persons because there was a lot of racism. By 1870, the 3 amendments had abolished slavery, affirmed the rights of citizens and these amendments were very important in the public cases. Congress had readmitted the former condeferate states in the Union. Only in the US had freedman gained political rights. Many former slaves took government jobs. Many people fought for education etc..some people were not educated. After the Civil war, a lot of public projects were destinated for the South. After the Civil war there were 3 types of people ( that Southerners hated) : - Carpetbaggers : People from the North, a lot of activists. Their bags were usually made out of carpets. They wanted to make financial profits, not interested in the South only in themselves and profit.

• Scalawags : Southerners uneducated poor and white people. They were turning to the republican way of thinking. Usually, they were slave owners and looking for personal or political gain. They manipulated slaves some rights such as the voting right but said that this rights was paying for example.
• Masses of former slaves

Many southerners were outraged because with the northern rules, there was no workforce anymore and so no way to make money. There were vigilante groups ( terrorists) and in Tennessee in 1866 the Ku Klux Klan was created. It was a protectionist group that wanted to intimidate black voters.

During the reconstruction, there was a lot of ex-slaves who could move physically, they were liberated and for the 15 to 25 years, many former slaves left their homes looking for loved one who has been sold. Black migrated north and west. They were discriminated. It was possible for former slaves to buy land but it was difficult because there was no money to be had and for whites, it was reluctant to sell to a black person.

American Civilization 28.11.11

Stin boats : boats along the Mississippi for example ( very useful for trade).

There are several issues that were quite touchy. There were several movements that choked up the country religiously, culturally, socialy, politically... in the early 19^th century. There was the Greater weakening and then there was a religious revival. There were a lot of political ups and downs. Many people looked to find order out of chaos, that's how there were several movements. There were reformers and many social problems appeared as there were many immigrants and a much more people crowded in the cities. We wanted to purify america to make america back on teack, how ? Through instauring a massive educational programme. At north, there was a rapid expension thanks to the industrial revolution and the middle classes banded together in the mid 1830's, they're the ones considered as the reformers. Among the social reforms, there was antislavery movements. There was the temparance movements, education reform movements and philosophy movements. The reformers think that before improving americans, the individual has to be purified himself. The 1830's were an era of reforms. There were different types of churches and in the baptist religion, there is like 1000 types of churches. The protestant's churches moved away. Instead, christians churches thought that god was a god of love ( protestant : hanger). The main topic was how to repent, it is tent revival. Many protestants'churches preached economic individualism. Wealth coulc be actually related to religion ( we have to remember why the USA was created). People had to be honest, hard-working and temperate : These people are called bible beaters. We thought about how would be managed the diversity of nationalities, religions etc...Education was the key : Improvement of the individual. People of good caracter would make a country of good caracter. In the early 1830's, americans drank a lot! Reformers believed that only americans who didn't drink were reformers. In the 1830's there was a lot of campaigns against alcohol. In 1834, There was 1, 250,000 in the American temperance society, it preached no alcohol. This movement encouraged the employers to sign a pact for their employees not to drink, it did work. There was also a lot of philosophy and education movements. There was a lack of education and for many people, this was the reaosn there were problems. By the 1850's, most of northern states had instaured a kind of free public education. Horace is a well-know educational reformer : He said that the education burden cost should be supported by the state, not by parents. He first advocated this free public education. He pushed the scholarship to last 10 months instead of 6 or 7. He also advocated for a text book that would be the same for all the state;, he oushed for it and for cimpulsory ttendants to reduce currency. It taught children unfirmity, how to be ponctual...mAIN GOAL : eradicate ignorance and sead unformity, good citizen. In the mid 1850, girls were discouragedto attendsschool, much mlire in the south. But, there was progreess in NORMAL SCHOOLS to become teacher, good wives and luls). Black people were not allowed to. Dorothea pix changed this and in 1841, she began an educational reform very different. She taught in prison...Gread she protedtes. Criminals separated from the other people wirh mentality diseases for example. Transcendentalism movement : It was spooned out up. Henry david thoreau : believed in a theory of the soil. He lived in Walden Pont is MassasHUSSETTS. hE LIVED FOR 2 years into the woods. He said that man turned himself in to a machine to earn money and without asking questions. He blaimed capitalism, protested against government. Any time, It had always links with money especially but also drugs sometimes. Speech : Civil Disobedience 1849 ( Disobey law or judge, used gy Gandhi, Luther King). Abolitionists : This movement wasn't very popular at all, mostly in the south : economic questions mostly. Abolishment of slavery ? There were fewer slaves at north but it prosperted as these was the inudstrial movements. Frederick douglas and Sojourner truth : douglas : slave that went to the north and married a white woman, he became a very great speaker to defend freedom and advocated the abolishment. There was another woman better known Harriet Tubman : she escaped at north via the underground railwoad. On reason why abolishness pull their weight. Virginia 1831 Nat turner : Slave that advocated insurrrection, army was called out. Ther famous case 1857: Dred Scott : famous law case, begun in. Dred scoot was the slave, docteur emerson dies, dred was his clave. At this point, he petitioned in a court to be a free man then. The Supreme's court didn't accept the request because he was an african american. Dred got attention but the position of the court was clear. Between the years 1840-1861, there were thousands or hundreds of slaves who were helped to freedom through the Mason-Dixonline. Ohio was probably the most active in the underground railraod ==> This was a network of anonymous people, black and white who helped slaves to freedom. Slaves were trying to go to Canada, for them it was the land of freedom it was the promise land. The abolishonists used the religious atmosphere to promote slavery as a sin. Harriet Tubman was born and raised in Maryland, where she had been a slave also. She risked her life and went back south, she saved as much individuals as she could. When the civil war broke out, it was too dangerous however. The abolishonists used the language of revival. Slavery was the main thing that woulkd make south and north divided. Another issue divided the country ( George Wahingtonn predicted it talking about separatism) : USA's involvement out west ( Mexico). In the 1840's, many people had moved out west ( for a better life or the promise of land). In the north west, Britain and the US had occupied this territory but in 1846, a treaty was signed that divided the terrotiry at the 45^th parallel. But, it got the British really out of the territory. Between 1840 and 1846, many people attempted to go out west for the promise of free land ( Oregon, 6 months trip). When you have 60 000 adults, the territory could bacome a state. But, 10 000 people died due to the long journey ==> starvatrion, dideases, indian attacks. In 1848, gold was discovered in the american river and it was east from san francisco. So, there were several years of miugration to San francisco, people wanted to " strike it rich". The US government didn't miss an opprtunity to turn a buck. Other tensions : american relationships with mexico : 1821: independance of mexico from spain. Many people, in general and especially businessmen, began settling in Arizona etc... By the year 1835, there were more than 30 000 americans and approximately 3000 slaves in the mexican territory and texas area. At the time, there was a gentleman named General Antonio lopez of santa ANNA. In 1836, They declared himself independant from Mexico : they were the Free republic of texas. Battle of Alamo : " remember the alamo"==> values : duty, sacrifice, honor. Texas : annexation to the USA. 9 years after, may 1946 : watr between USA and mexica, it lead to a treaty in 1848. It gave the USA over 500 square miles. With this treaty, USA received land and in return, Mexican government was paid 15 million dollars ( in gold) and Americans petitioned against mexicans and they were dropped. The Mexican war a perfect example of Manifest Destiny ( to go west). 1850 : The compromise. When california petitioned to become a state, the issue about slavery came out again. The congress came to a decision that had for goal to balance needs between the south and the north. California would be a free state but with the condition that pther new states ( new mexico, utah) could decide if they wanted to use slavery or not. At the same time, there was the Fugitive Act. This was to assist slaveners to recover slaves even in free states. Between 1850 and 1860, failure of political compromise. The government wasn't supporting slavery but it didn't n condamn it. Harriet Beecher Stowe published a book Uncle Tom's cabin ( about slavery). After reading it, they were still pros and cons people. Most slave owners said it was propaganda. A gentleman named Abraham Lincoln became a political candidate, he was opposed to slavery. He participated in the presidential campaign. As he was known on his views about slavery, slaveners were hangry.

Because all of these tensions, usa was going closer and closer to war. This is what happened.

American Civilization 21.11.11

There was the Trail of Tears in the 1830's. Andrew Jackson proved he could make a good government policy. When he did run, he wanted to give back the government to the people, he really tried to change something. He's also the one who made every men be able to vote, not according a certain amount of money. In the 1830's, the whigs ( national republicans), the main fear was the one of central government. Federalist were scared of this whearas the whigs were not, they lost. Martin Van Buren ( 1836) carried out Andrew Jackson's policy. He was known for his skills as a political analyst. However, He couldn't be president. When he took over, Great Brtitain was going through a deep national crisis. British banksreduces the specie, that means reduced the coin currency. This had an effect on the USA, US blacks began to panic, they limited the amount of bank notes.AT the same time, the American farmers were suffering and thoughout the 1840's, there were bad years for farmers ( the crop failure). Van Buren didn't manage to embody the managing and to be the man who could US be out of recession. Van Buren cut the working days down top 10 hours. In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote " Democracy in America"= a river flows but there are two different courants, these 2 courants are nationalism and sectionalism. In 1840, the presidential campaign started, therewere muslingings, empty political promises and it was a dirty campaign actually. John Tyler and William Henry Harrison were part of the campaign. Tyler had for slogan ' Tippecanoe and Tyler too'=

Problems between the north and the south due to developments and technology and industry. Political and economic problems also. There was the start of the industrial period with a lot of factories. 1792= Samuel Sdlater set up the first textile factory, he had spendles. He employed children. He began the factory with 9 children. T this time there were many accidents especially in textile. With a growing population, modern conviniences were set up. Instead of making, people bought example :soap. In the early 19^th century, americans started to get interested in money, they used cash and credit to buy goods. The change in the way that people bought , sell and consume is known as the market revolution. They learnt to be demanders of goods and also spenders. Entreprenors were taking a business risk for profit ( Schumpeter). It is actually the development of capitalism : supply of wealth that can be used to produce goods and money. There was a larger need of labour force. Several men revolutionized the industrial revolution , the factory system ( Francis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater). Book = " Carrie": she worked in the factory system, a lot of young single women from the countryside went to the city to work, they also employed a lot of children. Movies = " It's a wonderful life" ( villes champignons). The idealic factory system didn't last long, the work was hard and sometimes dangerous, the wages were low. Many people were criticized for owning slavers. In the north, there was a wage slavery, nobody took care of them when they were not useful anymore, no social security. This is an example of sectionalism. In the 19^th century, there was an influx of an Irish immigration because of the potatoes famin. They were looking for the Promised land. The leading industry in the USA in the 1830's-1860's, the biggest import : people. During the 1820's, there was a lot of immigrants = 500 000 immligrants. But to 1820 to 1850, 2.7 million. Most of the immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. Many of the immigrants came to NYC and settled in tenements. New traditions werre brough, so in Baltimore for example, there were in neighbourhoods. There was also a transportation revolution. Building boom ! ( Till 1860's). National Road system = many roads, paths or bridges, turnpikes, canal

20 cent = 1 mile. Canal buffalo area to albany. 1825 : first canal from buffalo to albany, it was a success, a lot of other canals were built right after. 3300 of canal system. Cheap way to travel.

• the railroad system. Built in Pennsylvania in 1830's at first. There were tracks built in the midwest usally from chicago.

" middleman" producer who could sell prioduct to someone who could sell far.

• Telegraph lines followed the railroad system : Samuel FB Morse invented it. A lot of people made money on all those developments. The first telegraph line was built in 1834 and it was built from Washington to Baltimore.

With the progress, thousands of americans became land-frenzied ( crazy). John O' sullivan ( 1845) : Manifest Destiny. Term used for the USA to conquer, obssesive desire and greed to american to control the whole american territory. Many people took their chance and went west. In 1810, There was one out of 7 americans lived west. By 1840's, more than 1 out of every 3 american lived west. Immigrants were very hopeful for the future and he wrote " only in america a man builds a house in which to spend its old age and he sells it before the roof is on". Example of capitalism.

A young nation grew very fast even though there were many problems. To 1860's, there was a lot o agitation. Imligration so more people you have, more needs you have. Factories were being built everywhere. When a society changes rapidly, there is a kinf od nedd of break. Tensions : some people took the territory of the native americans. The question of slavery was exploding.

After Tyler :

• James polk : democrat, noth carolina, 1845-1849.
• Zackary Taylor, Whig from Virginia, died in 1850, his vice president took over.
• Millard Fillmore l: shig from NYC 1850- 1853. He had to deal with a lot of policitcal party'scandals. " Compromise" of 1850.
• Franklin Pierce : Democrat from the New Hampshire, 1833-1857.
• James Buchanan from Pennsylvania, democrat, 1857-1861.

issues leading up to the civil war:

USA was experiencing the market revolution ( with development of transportation especially). The north was a flory of industry, mass producing goods. 1851 : Isaac Singer, sewing machine, was produced massively. 1834 : Cyrus Mc Cormick : he invented the horse-drawn reaper : revolutionized agriculture. 1837 : John Deere : invented a steel-tipped plow. Eli Whitney improved coton-gin,inventions with " moving interchangeable parts". Kingpins = leader but with a negative conotation.1790 = 700 000 slaves ( concentrated in the north)

1860 : 3.5 million of slaves ( 95% in thr south).

Between 1820's, 30's ==> reformers were people who thought about the cay to purify and make american back on track, that means educating the masses. Temperance movement !